Application of Logic in Everyday Living

Numerous parts of science can be Involved and applied In our dillydally life, even the expansive investigation of rationale likewise are incorporated to our ordinary living, it is a thinking of life flow to improve and investigate. Essentially, person is the most remarkable animal on earth that controls deferent physical, mental physiological, mental and scholarly inclinations. A demonstrated ability of an individual to make his condition change as per what he/she plans, or we can say to Innovate and advance doable things to make work, to develop, to process and to develop.Considering that current occasions, assessments, and data are associated with which ordinary poise or circumstance to our condition gets influenced. Living in a world brimming with difficulties is a wide demonstration of adjusting and acclimating to different states of how to live, languish endure and overcome arrangement over death, beginning of a fresh start, any expectations of those sad, being solid from feeble , living and passing on In numerous reasons, sharing life to other people, remembering good fortune you have, and making favorable position and accomplishments, are only instances of how we arrangement to keep us alive.As singular holder, the world likewise gone changes from its structure, structure and development. It is Just a matter of getting critical or idealistic. There are various degrees of seeing how individuals change or perhaps how the world change. Some answer, that history rehashes itself, a piece of the new age, securing of ground-breaking humanity, settling on decisions for a superior living. Well†¦ Being ready to ‘predict' how frameworks and individuals (which are a lot of the equivalent truly) will act in specific conditions and circumstances is a helpful expertise to have.In antiquated occasions picture you are finding your way through a scene and you gone to a did no chance to get round (in sight) well from the consistent point of view you see it like t his 1 how profound Is the void 2 how far would i be able to Jump 3 will I make the Jump dependent on that estimation/experience? In the event that you didn't have rationale, at that point you would Just bounce and trust in the best†¦ Welch Is the mindset a terrible parcel of individuals appear to utilize when settling on choices now†¦ Look at the preeminent emergency! Obviously having an excess of Logic is the flip side.Imagine not going out on the grounds that measurements reveal to you that % of individuals get run over, shot, wounded, assaulted, snatched, struck by lightning, executed by flying debris†¦ Etc†¦ , well rationale would let you know Don't go out It more secure in here! So rationale Is Like hypothesis and afterward there is practically speaking which is typically marginally extraordinary. Basically you would prefer not to be excessively sensible, or excessively imaginative, which Is the reason a great many people have an extent of both†¦ Nature planned it that path for a generally excellent reason.ANSWER Logic: perspectives are explained, the utilization of rationale empowers thought of every accessible choice for feeling and activity, and diminishes the influential intensity of prominent attitude; Because accessible alternatives have been genuinely thought of, the utilization of rationale improves the probability that ensuing conclusions and activities will hold fast most near reality. Adherence to reality, while now and again excruciating, is the human condition bound to prompt good results by and large. Along these lines, rationale's importance to regular day to day existence is that its utilization improves the probability of acceptable results in the everyday choices every individual makes. Russian's Logic is the capacity of thinking your decisions, to look at the outcome of each accessible activity and afterward pick the best one. It has been demonstrated that a basic rodent has essential rationale, Scientists made a machine that would make two sorts of sounds: a long signal and a short beep.They additionally gave the rodent three little switches to pull, Lever 1 and switch 2 and switch 3. At the point when the researchers played a long solid or short stable, the rodent would get took care of a lot of good food in the event that it pulled the right relating switch to the sound played, left switch for long blare, right switch for short signal, if the rodent pulled the center switch, it would get took care of some food, however not so much, regardless of what sound was played. On the off chance that the at pulled the inaccurate switch, it would not get took care of anything for a while.The rodent in the long run got on that in the event that it pulled the right switch it would improve food, so it began pulling the right switches. At some point, to test the rodents rationale capacities, the researchers chose to play a wide range of sounds, long short long short, to perceive what the rodent would do. The rodent had the option to consider his decisions, he decided to pull the center switch, and he took the modest quantity of food since he realized it was the best choice.The rodent would prefer not take a risk at passing up his food. Without rationale, everyone would act in a split second on their feelings, along these lines settling on numerous extreme decisions, without rationale there would be more crooks, for instance: you get your better half or beau undermining you, you have huge amounts of decisions you can make now A. A few people Just cut off the association and leave B. A few people may attempt to discuss it C. Sign individuals may even accomplish something terrible like assault someone Without rationale, the vast majority would presumably Just assault someone now since they didn't consider which decision was ideal, clearly either An or B is a hinder decision than C, but since you were irate, you didn't utilize rationale, and Just picked. Envision if everyone picked choice C for the entirety of their decisions? Life would be a ton more awful than it is now.Without rationale, life would be mayhem, without rationale, the rodent would starve ANN. Answer Logic, is a deductive thinking that outcomes when the human mind figures the most balanced and satisfactory result of some random circumstance and perceives that answer as the most valuable, and subsequently the most two gatherings; levelheaded or nonsensical, instinctual or improve, passionate or legitimate. Enthusiastic reactions will in general be the most grounded want at the time, when followed results like violations of enthusiasm or snapshots of extraordinary passion.I will in general imagine that following up on a passionate worldview feels much improved, and will in general be all the more fulfilling however it likewise will in general go before more peril. Sensible reactions happen when the individual glances at a circumstance from an outsider and perceives the ethical commitment or bigge r segment of sentiment that would sanely choose the right choice. Why rationale is so applicable to regular daily existence is a troublesome inquiry. I trust it originates from a characteristic unman want to help bolster a social gathering and in this way keep everybody content.

Aviation Safety Reporting Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flying Safety Reporting Systems - Essay Example Right investigation of this information would empower individuals to get an issue before it really occurs, and be proactive in their particular zone of work. It likewise works in two extra measurements which are extremely essential. The ASRS discovers the issues that are there in the MAS, and afterward it gives proposals for future methodology, activities, offices, and hardware. This is by a long shot the most significant job of any revealing framework, which would not simply end up as a datasheet toward the day's end, yet would likewise end up being the establishment for future approaches. Since the coming of industrialization, no one has enjoyed assessments. Notwithstanding, so as to guarantee the security of both man and machine, this is compulsory. The Air Safety Week (2004) presents the view that thorough investigations are really costing bunches of time, exertion and obviously, cash to the organizations. Be that as it may, on the other hand, this is viewed as an inescapable prerequisite by the guideline specialists nowadays. With security and wellbeing being fundamental for the two clients and the organizations, this is a cost that must be paid. There are three significant territories which the FAA feels need to have a reliable and consistent examination for best norms of security and quality. Right off the bat, the Electrical framework security must be guaranteed. ... 3. Preparing programs with respect to aeronautics security Mech (2004) clarifies the prerequisite for a change in aeronautics security ideas and comprehension. It is explained, that regardless of how much and what number of flying wellbeing preparing programs are led for the work force, the real contrast will be made just when the way of thinking about this is changed in the brains of the individuals who matter. It is the ideal opportunity for an adjustment in the way of life of what we look like at security. Security ought not be only avoidance from mishaps. Wellbeing is an inherent worth, which falls into place without a hitch for people and needs not be educated all things considered. What should be instilled is the incentive for logical frameworks of security to be set up, where reports, review and examinations are regarded as the need of the framework, without which successful wellbeing won't be feasible for the prosperity of the staff. This change will be conceivable just through the adjustment in initiative style of the individuals in charge of undertakings. Flying security workshops have finished up overwhelmingly, that the organization is the main component in the framework that can achieve and continue a social change. This social change is the foundation of all flight wellbeing preparing that will be directed later on. 4. An ongoing air transport examination that is still in progress This is about a latest accident, which had three fatalities, including the business pilot and two travelers. This is as announced by NTSB on 'Landings.com' (2007). On April 15, 2007, at 1210, a Beech BE 35-B33, N9556Y, affected the landscape while on a low methodology while arriving towards Sedona Airport, Sedona, Arizona. Every one of the three people in the flight got

Minimalism 2.0

Minimalism 2.0 A year after we started our website we published our first book, Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life. Five years later, we decided to update Minimalismâ€"not only with a beautiful new cover, but every single page is refined. This book has been a long time in the making. Its initial iteration, conceived in 2010 and completed in March 2011, was a 300-page how-to guide called Minimalism in 21 Days. A 300-page book about becoming a minimalist? This didn’t feel right to us. How could a book about minimalismâ€"a book about reducing life’s excessâ€"be 300 pages? We could almost taste the irony. Don’t get us wrong: it was a good book, far better than most drivel you’ll find on the Internet. But because we didn’t feel it was a great book, and because it lacked a necessary brevity, we did what any responsible authors would’ve done: we scrapped the entire project, published an attenuated version of Minimalism in 21 Days for free on our website, and started over with a blank page. It was difficult, but it felt like the only genuine way to create a meaningful book. The result was the first edition of Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life, published in 2011 by Asymmetrical Press (there are plenty of used copies online if you want to check out that version). Much has happened, and many lessons have been learned, in the years since we published that first editionâ€"hence, the second edition of Minimalism, which is finally available today. Synopsis Minimalism is the thing that gets us past the things so we can make room for lifes most important thingsâ€"which actually arent things at all. At age 30, best friends Joshua Fields Millburn Ryan Nicodemus walked away from their six-figure corporate careers, jettisoned most of their material possessions, and started focusing on whats truly important. In their debut book, Joshua Ryan, authors of the popular website The Minimalists, explore their troubled pasts and descent into depression. Though they had achieved the American Dream, they worked ridiculous hours, wastefully spent money, and lived paycheck to paycheck. Instead of discovering their passions, they pacified themselves with ephemeral indulgences, which only led to more debt, depression, and discontent. After a pair of life-changing events, Joshua Ryan discovered minimalism, allowing them to eliminate their excess material things so they could focus on lifes most important things: health, relationships, passion, growth, and contribution. About the Second Edition While re-reading Minimalism to create an updated edition, we were astonished by how well the book’s principles have endured. During every event, every interview, and nearly every conversation we have with readers, we find ourselves returning to the Five Values in this book. While we dont use the pages of this new edition to expand on the past half-decade (our memoir, Everything That Remains, and our essay collection, Essential, accomplish that), we significantly updated Minimalism by expanding on the Five Values. Our website provides the ultimate how-to-start guide for free, as well as frequent updates by way of our online essays, which explore minimalism at a deep level, detailing practical ways to apply simple living to your life, and so we wrote Minimalism to be used in a similar, practical way (we certainly don’t want to waste your time). The ingredients in this book are designed to provide you with a basic recipe for intentional living, while allowing you to adjust the recipe to suit your own taste and lifestyle. Furthermore, while the entire book can be consumed within a day or two, it is organized into seven succinct chunks, which are better digested in a week, one chapter at a time. This book is different from the content on our website and in our other books. While our website documents our journey into minimalism and our continued growth through experimentation, this book discusses minimalism in a different way: it covers, in depth, the Five Values for living a meaningful life. It also provides insight into our personal lives, including the painful events that led us to our journey into minimalism. The book is written and organized to help you think about your life and how you live it; to make you do some work so you can step away from your old life and journey into a new one; and to help you realize you can change, you can re-select who you’re going to be, you can become the best person you’re capable of becomingâ€"the real you: the passionate, loving, compassionate, disciplined, happy you. We hope you enjoy it. Purchase Paperback:  Amazon   ·  Barnes Noble Ebook:  Kindle   · iBooks   ·  Google Play Audiobook:  Audible   ·  iTunes   ·  Amazon

Scholars As Well As Public Figures Have Suggested That

Scholars as well as public figures have suggested that a world run by women would, fundamentally, be a more peaceful and equal one. ladies, as the stereotype goes (and, actually, as a decent amount of empirical research suggests), tend to be more collaborative in work and leadership, more empathetic, and much, much less violent on an individual level. ,as Vice President Joe Biden recently suggested â€Å"foreign policy is a logical extension of personal relationships, â€Å"and if women are widely acknowledged to be canny at conducting them, perhaps it follows that female leadership in international affairs would produce more empathy and collaboration between countries. To the extent that global problems like violence and inequality are failures of†¦show more content†¦It is the precondition for such peace. There cannot be peace between nations until there is peace between the two halves of humanity, the mothers and fathers of all living and all yet to live. Steinem sees a connection between what we have chosen to normalize in male-female relations, and what we see at the level of state and society. â€Å"The family is the basic cell of the government,† she explains, â€Å"it is where we are trained to believe that we are human beings or that we are chattel, it is where we are trained to see the sex and race divisions and become callous to injustice even if it is done to ourselves, to accept as biological a full system of authoritarian government.† Truly, it should not come as a surprise to us that societies which are rooted in male dominance over females are in no way peaceful or democratic; as noted by Steinem. â€Å"We are never going to have democratic countries or peaceful countries until we have democratic or peaceful families because you must teach men to dominate in order to maintain a male-dominated system and that is a very ugly education, indeed, where the first to be dominated are those within men’s own families who are different from them Domestic violence is the seedbed of all other violence based onShow MoreRelatedFreakonomics : Ten Ideas For Make Politics Less Rotten1168 Words   |  5 PagesFreakonomics Radio asks different politicians and scholars from both sides of the political spectrum what ideas and practices must go to improve the political atmosphere and restore our country’s greatness. 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Once such key figure, Mary Kingsley, an English ethnographic writer who explored West Africa, argued that since Africans were an uncivilized, inferior race, it would be futile to â€Å"rule him through institutions modeled on European lines, as the missionaries and the Colonial Office had been doing. Africans†¦ should be ruled through their own institutions.† (Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, 20) She also pointed to the unnecessarily high cost of the Crown Colony system as well as theRead MoreEssay on Cave Paintings1253 Words   |  6 Pagesthe damage being caused by human beings. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Lascaux this elegant cave painting is comprised of almost six hundred figures of different animals. The cave art at Lascaux is comprised of horses, bison, cattle and hinds as suggested by the Columbia Encyclopedia in its article Paleolithic Art. It is suggested that the art â€Å"may have a ritual significance to hunting†. 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Creating a Genealogy Blog

Mahou Factory Free Essays

Mahou Factory Visit Mahou is a Spanish brewery house founded in the year 1890, in the capital Madrid. The company created a reputation for it self that precedes it even now a days, for its quality of production and the traditionalism of the production. Today the company is among the largest and most powerful brewery in Spain with a dominant market share. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahou Factory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main brewery factory, being the one we visited, is located in the outskirts of Madrid, Alovera Guadalajara to be more specific. The Factory is the biggest in Spain and second biggest in Europe, it is unique in Europe for its complex automatized process and innovative technology. The factory produces up to 4 million liters of beer a DAY. Trough out our visit we could observe the process of production of the beer, most being completely automatized, yet having key workers in key locations were mistakes cannot occur. Even the most efficient machines can make mistakes, the problem is that the problem wont be spotted it since its and automatized process therefore you need the scientist and key workers in place to reassure the smoothness of the process. This could be considered a poki oki in Japanese terms or a security measure for the avoidance of problems in the production process. From the beginning we could observe a complex system practically runed by computers, the only un automatized process is the lab and examination of samples. But in order to keep control of quality, it’s a process that need to be done with detail and personal, to keep better control of quality even if the cost for it might be high. This with the large control room constantly observing and controlling the brewing process day and night, 24/7, 365 days a year, make it a supper efficient machine for quality control and cost control. The control room has constant machines and computers controlling the brewing process from start to end including the bottling and packaging, This is then combines with a couple of professionals constantly examining and managing the process of production with constant control like sample taking to ensure that the quality and process is going to perfection. With this, we can surely say we are of to a good start. Continuing on with the quality control process we then have again several controls to ensure quality, like exporting the water from the erfect mineralization from Guadalajara, like exporting the main resources needed to ensure that their customer gets the quality expected always. After the brewing process there are several other controls like the bottle revision that ensures that they are clean, then there’s another machine ensuring that they all have the perfect measurements (full) with a laser measurer, after wards a few samples are taken from the produced batch of the day to again lastly ensure that the quality is the desired one. Furthermore we can also observe the cost efficiency process in place. Even though the machinery implemented is expensive in the long term it cuts cost by huge amounts ensuring less mistakes higher quality and happier customers. The control room cuts cost by having many less workers doing the control process over the brewing production process by having it all automatized, not counting how more efficient it is. Then they cut cost by implementing this brewing tanks outside the factory were its easier to obtain the liquid in bigger quantities. But, by a long shot the most efficient cost cutting control is the logistics the factory built right next to the high way to have a quick and easy way to transport and move things. Also they have deals with multiple other breweries to bottle their bear were they do not have a factory in order to make it seemingly less costly and easier to distribute their product. Lastly, I will talk about their green impact on the world, or ecological controls. Now days every company is striving to be a leader as social responsible and environmentally friendly. Every company ahs its motives for this, some marketing technique, others tax benefits or company reputation etc. What’s very admirable of Mahou’s environmental help to the world is that it not only gives good company reputation, tax, etc, its that it is cost reducing also making it cost efficient. Mahous recycles 90 % or more in some cases, of their bottles and containers, due to a deal established with the distributor and maker of the beer containers. This is extremely efficient and green for the environment counting the huge amount of production and trash they are avoiding creating. With both eh process distinguishing the broken or defect bottles and the un-cleanable they have created a perfect quality, cost and environmental friendly control all in one, keeping to its name and reputation. How to cite Mahou Factory, Essay examples

Difference Between Private and Public International Law free essay sample

Differences between private and public international law In the study of international law, a sharp distinction is usually drawn between public international law, concerned with the rights and obligations of states with respect to other states and individuals, and private international law, concerned with issues of jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in international private law disputes before national courts. Private international law is viewed as national law, which is and ought to be focused on resolving individual private disputes based on domestic conceptions of justice or fairness. Some acknowledgment of the international dimension of private international law problems is given through the role played by the concept of ‘comity’, but its status remains ambiguously ‘neither a matter of absolute obligation, on the one hand, nor of mere courtesy and good will, upon the other. In turn, public international law traditionally neglects the analysis of private international interactions and disputes, which are viewed as outside its ‘public’ and ‘state-centric’ domain. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Private and Public International Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, public and private international law are viewed as distinct disciplines, as two separate intellectual streams running in parallel. Justice and the application of foreign law If a judge were to decide to apply foreign law because it is more ‘just’ inits substantive effect, they would be substituting their own views about justice for the judgment, the collective values, embodied in the law of their state. No English judge would approach the problem in this way – although some private international law rules in the United States controversially permit exactly this, suggesting that the ‘choice of law’ rules which determine the applicable law should not be blind to the outcome of the cases to which they are applied, and thus the courts should be allowed to take into consideration the substantive outcomes of choice of law decisions. Judges are, however, supposed to apply law, not decide cases based on their intuitions. If a judge decides a case based purely on their preferred outcome, then their decision does not reflect the law, but the personal preferences and even prejudices of the judge. This is the ‘rule of the judge’, not the ‘rule of law’ – in the common law, ‘the judge’s duty is to interpret and to apply the law, not to change it to meet the judge’s idea of what justice requires’. Even in the context of amore ‘politicised’ judiciary in the US legal system, this level of discretion is still difficult to reconcile with basic ideas concerning the powers and function of the courts. This analysis suggests that the usual sense in which the word ‘justice’ isused is unable to help as a justification for choice of law rules. The idea that ‘justice’ could operate as a justification for applying foreign law seems to be question-begging – since the problem is determining which idea of ‘justice’ should be applied. The usual meaning of ‘justice’ may tell us little about choice of law rules, but choice of law rules reveal something about our ideas of justice. The application of a foreign law on the grounds of justice presupposes an underlying acceptance that the outcome determined by a foreign law and perhaps a foreign court may, depending on the circumstances, be more ‘just’ than local law. It acknowledges that the ‘just’ outcome of a claim for damages for an accident in England, governed by English substantive law, would not be the same as the ‘just’ outcome of a claim for damages for the same accident, if it occurred in a foreign territory and was thus governed by foreign law. This reveals an underlying commitment to what is referred to in this book as ‘justice pluralism’. The underlying justification for the application of foreign law must therefore be a question of context – of determining the appropriate circumstances for the application of local or foreign standards of justice, the appropriate ‘connections’ between the dispute and the forum or legal system. This determination cannot be based on ordinary principles of national law, because the point is to determine which national law ought to apply. A central problem in choice of law, is thus the determination of what standards could be applied to identify when the application of a foreign law is ‘just’. Justice and jurisdiction There are two fundamentally different concerns in an exercise of national judicial jurisdiction. The first is the existence of state power: whether the state has regulatory authority over the dispute. If the state has authority, a second concern arises: whether the state court will exercise this power. This distinction is not the same as the distinction between jurisdictional rules and discretions at the national level. Some rules of jurisdiction may determine, instead of or in addition to discretionary powers to stay proceedings, whether state power is exerted. Equally, the exercise of apparently discretionary rules could mask an underlying objective of compliance with international limitations on judicial authority. It may not be left to the courts to determine, as a matter of judicial restraint, whether regulatory authority is exercised; but equally, it may be left to the courts to determine whether regulatory authority even exists. In the common law tradition, the two different concerns behind rules of jurisdiction are obscured by the fact that these theoretical considerations have been amalgamated in broad discretionary tests. The distinction is important because rules which are concerned with the existence of state power involve fundamentally different considerations from those concerned with its exercise, although this is often difficult to detect in practice because the two objectives are frequently addressed in (and obscured by) a single rule. Rules concerned with the exercise of jurisdiction will frequently draw on national conceptions of the balance between the rights of plaintiffs and defendants, and the domestic evaluation of practical considerations such as the cost of the proceedings to the state – matters which are part of each national conception of ‘justice’. By contrast, rules concerned with the existence of jurisdictional authority cannot reflect national policies or values, because this would beg the question as to whether there is power to apply those policies. This component of the determination of jurisdiction cannot be based on a national conception of private rights, because no national system could provide authority for a decision that such rights exist; it must therefore be international in character. The divergence between public and private international law has, however, always been greater in theory than in practice, particularly aspublic international law has re-expanded to encompass private relations. Despite the dominance of the positivist perspective, private international law rules continue to reflect and replicate underlying ideas of international order, in the context of private law – they constitute a hidden (private) international law. The decisions of national courts in private international law are a particular example of the phenomenon of an international order constructed by a distributed global judicial network – an example of ‘peer governance’. As long as this ordering is unrecognised and unanalysed, its justness goes unexamined. For this examination to occur, the flow of the divergent streams of public and private international law theory must be channelled back towards confluence. Perhaps the most obvious sign of the continued influence of an international perspective on private international law is in the work of international institutions concerned with its harmonisation. A number of well-known international legal organisations are at least formally interested in private international law, including the International Law Association, Institute of International Law and International Law Commission, although in practice their focus has been almost exclusively on public international law. The General Assembly of the United Nations showed an interest in the subject at one time, but diverged towards a focus on the competing strategy of substantive harmonisation of private law. The work of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, which has been meeting regularly since 1893 and became a permanent intergovernmental organisation in 1955, is thus particularly prominent and important in this field. Its purpose, as defined in Article 1 of its Statute, is ‘to work for the progressive unification of the rules of private international law’. Numerous treaties on awide range of subject matters have been stablished under its auspices, both codifying existing international agreement on private international law and pushing for progressive development in the law, although their success in attracting widespread ratification has been variable. Public international law rules of jurisdiction The limits on the regulatory authority of states are expressed in public international law through the concept of ‘jurisdiction’. The boundaries of ublic international law jurisdiction are a matter of some controversy, but there is broad agreement on its general framework. In public international law the term ‘jurisdiction’ is used in a much broader sense than in private international law. In the context of the rules on the regulatory authority of states, three types of public international law jurisdiction are usually distinguished. These frequently overlap and thus the distinction is not always easy to maintain, n or is it universally accepted as reflecting international law. First, jurisdiction to prescribe or legislate, or roughly the limits on the law-making powers of government. The issue here is the permissible scope of application of the laws of each state; in private law disputes, this may be viewed as related to the private international law problem of the determination of the applicable law. Second, jurisdiction to adjudicate, or (roughly) the limits on the judicial branch of government. In private disputes, this is evidently closely related to the idea of jurisdiction in private international law. Third, jurisdiction to enforce, or (roughly) the limits on the executive branch of government. This limit is directly concerned with the acts of authorities implementing law, such as police or bailiffs. In the private law context, it is related to the pragmatic question of whether the court can enforce any judgment by exercising physical power over the defendant or their property. The limits on enforcement jurisdiction thus provide policy reasons why a national court might decide not to exercise jurisdiction, even when it had prescriptive jurisdiction under international law. If the judgment could not be enforced consistently with international law, because neither the individual nor their property were present in the territory, then a court might take this into consideration in deciding whether it is the appropriate forum to hear the dispute. Because the limits on enforcement jurisdiction mean that a judgment is only directly effective within the judgment state, they also necessitate mechanisms for the enforcement of foreign judgments in private international law. The correspondence in structure between the three aspects of public international law rules of ‘jurisdiction’ and the three basic components of private international law (jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of judgments) suggests their underlying commonality. Public international law rules on jurisdiction are expressed as being applicable to the state as a whole. In practice, however, different aspects of the rules are directed to and typically restrain different branches of national government. In examining the development of these rules and questions of state compliance, the division between international and national law is patently unhelpful. Although public international law does not specify the structures of state governments, it is the actions of domestic institutions, including national legislative measures and judicialdecisions, that constitute the acts of the state for the purpose of these international obligations. The actions of national legislatures and courts can constitute state practice for the purposes of the development of international customary law or for the determination of ‘the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations’, as well as constituting acts of the state for the purposes of determining whether a breach of an international legal obligation has occurred. Their role in both international and national law reflects, as Scelle described it, their dedoublement fonctionnel. Territoriality in public international law It is sometimes claimed that the public international law rules governing jurisdiction are subject to an overriding requirement of ‘reasonableness’, although this is not universally accepted. The idea of a secondary requirement of ‘reasonableness’ has been criticised for giving courts too much flexibility. It may be better interpreted not as a separate test but as a consideration going to the degree of connection required to establish jurisdiction. Here the influence of territoriality is clear; the requirement of reasonableness is said to necessitate consideration of territorial connections such as ‘the link of the activity to the territory of the regulating state, i. e. , the extent to which the activity takes place within the territory, or has substantial, direct, and foreseeable effect upon or in the territory’. Territoriality in private international law The influence of territoriality in private international law is pervasive. The accepted grounds for the exercise of jurisdiction or the choice of a particular applicable law in national courts are predominantly territorial, although these can take a number of different forms. While territoriality is behind a variety of private international law rules, these rules may thus reflect a range of interpretations of what territoriality means in practice and in different contexts, and different views on the extent to which legislatures should decide these questions generally or leave them to the courts to work out in each case. The study of their interaction is not merely useful because public international law rules on jurisdiction help explain the rules of private international law, but also because the rules of private international law provide an important source of state practice for the development and understanding of the rules of public international law. An extreme example of a territorial approach is found in the common law and US rule that the presence of the defendant within the territory is sufficient to constitute jurisdiction, regardless of the tenuousness or transitory character of the link between the defendant and the territory. This idea of territoriality is rightly controversial, because it does not seem to reflect the public international law conception of territorial jurisdiction. The territorial connection on which jurisdiction is based is not in respect of the act or thing to which the dispute relates, but merely the subsequent presence of the defendant. Because presence is only required at the time of commencement of proceedings, not at the time of any events related to the dispute, it bears no necessary relation to the question of whether the proceedings are connected in any way with the forum state. Presence establishes only a physical capacity for effective jurisdiction, perhaps based on the outdated conception that an exercise of civil jurisdiction may necessitate the use of physical force against the person of the defendant. If this is a meaningful consideration at all, it is relevant only to the question of the enforcement of the judgment (which may ultimately depend on criminal sanctions), not to the assertion of jurisdiction. It seems to confuse the question of enforcement jurisdiction under international law, the capacity of a state to exercise physical control over its territory, with adjudicative jurisdiction, the capacity of the state to assert its authority to hear proceedings. Alternatively, it appears to reflect an old fashioned ‘positivist’ view of jurisdiction, based on absolute sovereignty – the only limits on state jurisdiction are practical or self-imposed limits; where jurisdiction is physically possible (because of the presence of the defendant) it is acceptable. Conclusion When viewed from a systemic perspective, the components of private international law, rules on jurisdiction, applicable law, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, are revealed to have a functional commonality that responds to this potential for regulatory conflict, in support of the principle of subsidiarity. They are each limited and imperfect techniques aimed at reducing the possibility of inconsistent legal treatment of disputes, by (respectively) reducing the number of states that can hear a dispute, increasing the likelihood that each state will apply the same substantive rules to resolve a dispute, and decreasing the likelihood that a dispute heard in one state will be re-heard in another state. Private international law is not merely a discipline of narrow professional interest for specialist national lawyers and academics.